Monday, July 05, 2004

Atasi Segera Kebakaran Hutan

Oleh Wicaksono untuk Koran Tempo

Bencana kebakaran hutan datang lagi di musim kering tahun ini. Asapnya menutup pandangan dan mengganggu kesehatan di sejumlah daerah. Di Riau, misalnya, asap kebakaran membuat sejumlah penerbangan dihentikan. Warga diimbau tak keluar rumah bila tak ada kepentingan mendesak supaya terhindar dari infeksi saluran pernapasan atas. Asap akibat kebakaran hutan di Indonesia juga terbang dan menurunkan derajat kesehatan lingkungan negeri tetangga, Singapura dan Malaysia.

Kebakaran hutan adalah bencana yang terjadi setiap tahun, khususnya pada musim kering. Kebakaran yang cukup besar pernah terjadi di Kalimantan Timur pada 1982/1983. Waktu itu sekitar 3,5 juta hektare hutan hangus. Ini rekor terbesar kebakaran hutan dunia setelah kebakaran hutan di Brasil yang mencapai 2 juta hektare pada 1963. Rekor dipecahkan oleh kebakaran di beberapa wilayah Indonesia pada 1997/1998 yang melalap 11,7 juta hektare hutan.

Bencana itu terus berlangsung setiap tahun, meskipun luas areal yang terbakar dan kerugian yang ditimbulkannya relatif kecil dan umumnya tidak terdokumentasi dengan baik. Data dari Direktorat Jenderal Perlindungan Hutan dan Konservasi Alam menunjukkan bahwa kebakaran hutan yang terjadi tiap tahun sejak 1998 hingga 2002 tercatat berkisar antara 3.000 hektare dan 515 ribu hektare. Karena itu, kebakaran hutan tetap merupakan isu lingkungan yang penting.

Selain karena faktor alamiah, sudah jamak diketahui bahwa penyebab utama kebakaran hutan adalah kegiatan manusia, di antaranya sistem perladangan tradisional dari penduduk setempat yang berpindah-pindah, yang menggunakan metode pembakaran untuk membuka lahan. Namun, pembukaan lahan untuk perladangan tersebut umumnya sangat terbatas dan terkendali, karena telah mengikuti aturan turun-temurun.

Kebakaran yang lebih luas sangat mungkin terjadi karena kegiatan perladangan yang sebenarnya hanya kedok dari penebang liar yang memanfaatkan hak pengusahaan hutan (HPH) dan berada di kawasan HPH. Mereka bisa dari kalangan pemegang HPH untuk industri kayu maupun perkebunan kelapa sawit.

Mereka melakukan pembukaan lahan dengan cara membakar semata berdasarkan pertimbangan ekonomis: cepat, murah, dan praktis. Selain itu, perkebunan besar melakukan pembakaran lahan untuk menaikkan derajat keasaman (pH) tanah. Pada kasus Riau, pembakaran hutan dilakukan karena pada umumnya tanahnya bergambut dengan pH 3-4 dan tidak cocok untuk ditanami kelapa sawit.

Celakanya, pemakaian metode itu sering berakibat kebakaran tidak hanya terbatas pada areal yang disiapkan untuk pengembangan tanaman industri atau perkebunan, tetapi meluas ke hutan lindung, hutan produksi, dan lahan lainnya. Karena itulah, sudah sepantasnya bila mereka dituding sebagai biang keladi kebakaran hutan.

Untuk itu, pemerintah pusat maupun daerah sebaiknya langsung mengambil tindakan yang nyata dan segera terhadap mereka, mumpung kebakaran hutan tahun ini belum begitu meluas. Jangan setengah-setengah, apalagi main mata dengan mereka.

Beberapa upaya nyata yang bisa dilakukan, antara lain melarang dengan tegas metode pembakaran dalam land clearing, mencabut izin usaha perusahaan yang melakukan pembakaran dalam pembukaan lahan. Hukum para penjahat lingkungan secara proporsional.

Jangan lupa, jatuhkan denda yang besar bagi perusahaan yang terbukti melakukan pembakaran. Uang denda ini bisa dipakai untuk memadamkan api. Bagi masyarakat yang menjadi korban asap, pemerintah perlu membuka posko kesehatan di setiap kecamatan dan menyediakan pengobatan gratis. ***


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